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| Shakespearean English has some distinctive ways of expressing attitudes in short exclamatory sentences, and some (e.g. come, come, 1H4 IV.iii.16) are still used today. As with modern English, there are more expressing negative emotions (contempt, disdain, disgust, impatience, indignation, etc) than positive ones (cheerfulness, delight, assurance, etc). In some cases, words are used whose meaning is |
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totally dependent on the context, as interpreted by the actor, sometimes permitting a wide range of possible tones of voice: these are a or ah (2H4 II.i.49), ha (MM II.ii.164), and hum (Ham II.ii.586). Sometimes a vocalization is associated with a particular character, such as Henry VIII’s use of ha (H8 III.ii.61). Expressions of regret are grouped separately. REGRETS
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Negative attitudes
| alas |
3H6 V.i.109 |
Alas, I am not cooped here for defence! |
usually regret, but here more indignation |
| blessed fig's end |
Oth II.i.244 |
[Roderigo] she’s full of most blessed condition. [Iago] Blessed fig’s end! |
worthlessness - cf. modern ‘my foot!’ |
| buzz |
Ham II.ii.392 |
[Polonius] The actors are come hither, my lord. [Hamlet] Buzz, buzz |
impatience or contempt, when being told something already known |
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fico for, a |
MW I.iii.27 |
‘Steal’? Foh, / A fico for the phrase! |
contempt, often expressed in a gesture [using the thumb between the first and second fingers] |
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fie |
Ven 611 |
‘Fie, fie,’ he says, ‘you crush me’ |
disgust, indignation, shame |
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fie on |
CE V.i.27 |
Fie on thee, wretch |
disgust, indignation, shame |
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fig for, a |
2H6 II.iii.67 |
a fig for Peter! |
contempt, often expressed in a gesture [as for ‘fico’] |
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foh |
Ham II.ii.585 |
Fie upon’t, foh! |
disgust, abhorrence |
| go to |
Ham I.iii.112 |
Ay, ‘fashion’ you may call it. Go to, go to |
impatience - cf. modern ‘come, come’ [see also below] |
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hanged, be |
H8 V.iv.17 |
How got they in, and be hanged? |
impatience, irritation |
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how |
KL I.i.94 |
How, how, Cordelia! Mend your speech a little |
surprise, irritation - cf. modern ‘what?’ |
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how now |
LLL IV.iii.198 |
How now, what is in you? |
surprise, reproach |
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hoyday |
R3 IV.iv.459 |
Hoyday, a riddle! |
contemptuous surprise, impatience |
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marry come up |
RJ II.v.62 |
Are you so hot? Marry come up, I trow |
impatience, surprise, shock [real or affected] |
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marry trap with you |
MW I.i.155 |
I will say ‘Marry trap with you’ |
contempt, insult [unclear meaning] |
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me, O |
Cor II.iii.53 |
O me, the gods! / You must not speak of that |
shock, horrified surprise - cf. modern ‘goodness me’ |
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much |
2H4 II.iv.129 |
God’s light, with two points on your shoulder? Much! |
scornful disbelief, incredulity |
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out |
TS IV.i.133 |
Out, you rogue! You pluck my foot awry |
impatience, irritation |
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out, alas |
3H6 I.iv.18 |
we charged again; but, out alas! / We budged again |
disgust, reproach, indignation, regret |
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out on |
CE II.i.68 |
I know not thy mistress. Out on thy mistress! |
indignation, reproach |
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out upon it |
TNK II.iii.5 |
To marry him is hopeless; / To be his whore is witless. Out upon’t! |
frustration, irritation |
| pah |
Ham V.i.197 |
And smelt so? Pah! |
disgust, abhorrence |
| peace |
AYL II.iv.62 |
Peace, fool, he’s not thy kinsman |
reproach, impatience |
| pish |
Oth IV.i.41 |
It is not words that shakes me thus! Pish! |
contempt, impatience, disgust [here, very strong] |
| pooh |
Ham I.iii.101 |
Affection? Pooh! |
scorn, contempt, impatience |
| pow waw |
Cor II.i.136 |
[Virgilia] The gods grant them true. [Volumnia] True? Pow waw! |
ridicule, scorn; cf. modern ‘bow wow’] |
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push |
Tim III.vi.108 |
Push! Did you see my cap? |
contempt, impatience [cf. pish] |
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rope, a |
1H6 I.iii.53 |
Winchester goose! I cry a rope, a rope! |
derision, contempt, anger |
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tailor |
MND II.i.54 |
Down topples she, / And ‘Tailor’ cries |
[unclear meaning, said when falling] shock, surprise |
| tilly-vally |
TN II.iii.77 |
Am I not of her blood! Tilly-vally! |
impatience - cf. modern ‘nonsense!’ |
| tush |
Ham I.i.30 |
Tush, tush, ’twill not appear |
disparagement, disbelief, contempt |
| tut |
RJ I.i.197 |
Tut, I have left myself |
impatience, dissatisfaction |
| when |
JC II.i.5 |
When, Lucius, when? Awake, I say! |
impatience |
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when, ay |
1H4 II.i.40 |
[Gadshill] I pray thee lend me thine [lantern] [Second Carrier] Ay, when? Canst tell? |
derision |
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when, nay |
3H6 V.i.49 |
Nay, when? Strike now, or else the iron cools |
impatience |
Positive attitudes
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cheer, good |
TNK I.i.233 |
Good cheer, ladies; / Now turn we towards your comfort |
reassurance, encouragement |
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cheerily |
E3 IV.vii.44 |
Cheerily, bold man, thy soul is all too proud / To yield her city |
encouragement, support |
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content |
TS V.ii.70 |
[Hortensio responding to Petruchio’s proposal] Content. What’s the wager? |
agreement, satisfaction |
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fair befall |
R3 III.v.46 |
Now fair befall you! |
good wishes |
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good as the best |
Tim V.i.22 |
[Poet] I must ... tell him of an intent that’s coming toward him. [Painter] Good as the best |
strong affirmation - cf. modern ‘that’s splendid’ |
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good now |
AC I.ii.27 |
Good now, some excellent fortune! |
entreaty, acquiescence, surprise |
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go to |
TS V.i.123 |
Fear not, Baptista, we will content you, go to |
reassurance - cf. modern ‘don’t worry’ [see also above] |
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heigh |
Tem I.i.5 |
Heigh, my hearts! |
encouragement |
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heigh-ho, hey-ho |
AYL II.vii.181 |
Hey-ho, sing hey-ho, unto the green holly |
joy, delight |
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said, well |
Tit IV.iii.64 |
[Titus to Lucius, of his archery] O, well said, Lucius! |
praise - cf. modern ‘well done’ |
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summer’s day |
E3 I.ii.81 |
O summer’s day; see where my cousin comes |
relief, delight |
Some of these items have other functions: ATTENTION SIGNALS; DISCOURSE MARKERS; POLITENESS.
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